Assassination of President John F. Martin Luther King Jr. First space walk. Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys. Guy Debord 'The Society of the Spectacle'. Amitai Etzioni 'Active Society'. Assassination of Dr. Ihab Hassan 'The Postmodern Turn'. New literary journal. Robert Venturi 'Learning from Las Vegas'. Watergate break-in. Jean Baudrillard 'The Mirror of Production'. Alain Touraine 'The post-industrial society'. Edward Said 'Orientalism'. First test-tube baby. Development of Punk Rock.
Margaret Thatcher. First space-shuttle flight. Frederic Jameson 'Post-modernism'. Jean Baudrillard 'Simulacra and Simulation'. Fredric Jameson 'Postmodernism and Consumer Society'. First-ever untethered space walk. Don DeLillo 'White Noise'. Peter Goodrich 'Reading The Law'. Furthermore, Postmodernism can be examined from Feminist and Post-colonial angles.
Therefore, one cannot pinpoint the principles of Postmodernism with finality, because there is a plurality in the very constitution of this theory. Postmodernism, in its denial of an objective truth or reality, forcefully advocates the theory of constructivism—the anti-essentialist argument that everything is ideologically constructed.
Indeed, Postmodernism developed as a response to the contemporary boom in electronics and communications technologies and its revolutionizing of our old world order.
Constructivism invariably leads to relativism. Our identities are constructed and transformed every moment in relation to our social environment. Therefore there is scope for multiple and diverse identities, multiple truths, moral codes and views of reality. The understanding that an objective truth does not exist has invariably led the accent of Postmodernism to fall on subjectivity. Subjectivity itself is of course plural and provisional.
A stress on subjectivity will naturally lead to a renewed interest in the local and specific experiences, rather than the and universal and abstract; that is on mini-narratives rather than grand narratives.
Finally, all versions of Postmodernism rely on the method of Deconstruction to analyze socio-cultural situations. Postmodernism has often been vehemently criticized. The fundamental characteristic of Postmodernism is disbelief, which negates social and personal realities and experiences.
It is easy to claim that the Gulf War or Iraq War does not exist; but then how does one account for the deaths, the loss and pain of millions of people victimized by these wars? Also, Postmodernism fosters a deep cynicism about the one sustaining force of social life—culture. By entirely washing away the ground beneath our feet, the ideological presumptions upon which human civilization is built, Postmodernism generates a feeling of lack and insecurity in contemporary societies, which is essential for the sustenance of a capitalistic world order.
Finally, when the Third World began to assert itself over Euro-centric hegemonic power, Postmodernism had rushed in with the warning, that the empowerment of the periphery is but transient and temporary; and that just as Europe could not retain its imperialistic power for long, the new-found power of the erstwhile colonies is also under erasure. In literature, postmodernism relying heavily on fragmentation, deconstruction, playfulness, questionable narrators etc.
The distinction between high and low culture is also attacked with the employment of pastiche, the combination of multiple cultural elements including subjects and genres not previously deemed fit for literature. Postmodern literature can be considered as an umbrella term for the post-war developments in literature such as Theatre of the Absurd , Beat Generation and Magical Realism.
Postmodern literature, as expressed in the writings of Beckett, Robbe Grillet , Borges , Marquez , Naguib Mahfouz and Angela Carter rests on a recognition of the complex nature of reality and experience, the role of time and memory in human perception, of the self and the world as historical constructions, and the problematic nature of language.
Tom Wolfe in his article Stalking the Billion-Footed Beas t called for a new emphasis on realism in fiction to replace postmodernism. With this new emphasis on realism in mind, some declared White Noise in or The Satanic Verses to be the last great novels of the postmodern era.
In spite of the rather stretched, cynical arguments of Postmodernism, the theory has exerted a fundamental influence on late 20th century thought. It has indeed revolutionized all realms of intellectual inquiry in varying degrees. If modernism was an aesthetic movement how come postmodernism becomes bad for society? I think modernism caused more struggle and stress for ordinary people and they found relief in postmodernism.
In my view, marketing play a big role here considering the fact that human races have tendency to follow and react what they see and what they hear. There was also the belief that anything could be used to make art, that art could take any form, and that there should be no differentiation between high art and low art, or fine art and commercial art. Artist Jean-Michel paints in St. Moritz, Switzerland, Among these new forms were Earth art, which creates work on natural landscapes; Performance art; Installation art, which considers an entire space rather than just one piece; Process art, which stressed the making of the work as more important than the outcome; and Video art, as well as movements based around feminist and minority art.
The s saw the rise of appropriation as a much-used practice. Painters like Jean-Michael Basquiat and Keith Haring directly mimicked graffiti styles, while artists like Sherrie Levine lifted the actual work of other artists to use in their creations. In , Levine photographed a Walker Evans photo and represented it as a new work questioning the very idea of an original photo.
Post-modern art has since become less defined by the form the art takes and more determined by the artist creating the work. American artist Jenny Holzer, who came to prominence in the s with her conceptual art made from language, embodies this model. Some art historians believe the Post-Modern era ended at the beginning of the 21st Century and refer to the following period as Post Post-Modern. History of Modern Art. Arnason and Marla F. Edited by David Britt. Art of the Western World. Michael Wood.
What Is Modern Art? Metropolitan Museum of Art. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. John Adams b. And here are some musical examples to help you explore the sounds of Postmodernism:. Thanks for reading! Keep an eye out for more articles on music history, and for our Composer Bios article series, where we will survey the lives and music of your favorite classical composers.
Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Electronic Music Composers desiring total control over sounds began experimenting with electronic instruments and newly available recording technologies. Minimalism Minimalism, by definition, uses minimal musical material for its compositions. Neo-Romanticism Not all composers of the Postmodern period have felt compelled to pursue the extreme experimentalism of the previously covered styles.
Conclusion Musical experiments and combinations of styles continue to expand and evolve into the modern era. Here is a list of some of the major composers of the Postmodern Period: John Adams b. Stay in touch with our newsletter Useful articles on music theory delivered straight to your inbox! Related Articles. The Baroque Period.
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